Birne roh
Alle Nährwerte beziehen sich auf 100 g.
- Energie (Kilokalorien)
- 58 kcal
- Energie (Kilojoule)
- 245 kJ
- Protein (Nx6,25)
- 0,3 g
- Fett
- 0,29 g
- Kohlenhydrate, verfügbar
- 13,16 g
- Ballaststoffe, gesamt
- 2,8 g
Vollständige Nährwerte
138 von 138 Nährstoffen · je 100 g
Kein Nährstoff gefunden.
| Nährstoff | Wert | Originalwert | Datenherkunft | Referenz | BLS-Berechnung |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energie (Kilojoule) | 245 kJ/100 g | 245 | 1 | — | ENERCJ[kJ] = 17*PROT625[g] + 17*(CHO[g] - POLYL[g]) + 37*FAT[g] + 29*ALC[g] + 13*OA[g] + 10*POLYL[g] + 8*OLSAC[g] + 8*FIBT[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Energie (Kilokalorien) | 58 kcal/100 g | 58 | 1 | — | ENERCC[kcal] = 4*PROT625[g] + 4*(CHO[g] - POLYL[g]) + 9*FAT[g] + 7*ALC[g] + 3*OA[g] + 2.4*POLYL[g] + 2*OLSAC[g] + 2*FIBT[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Wasser | 83,608 g/100 g | 83.608 | 2 | 1 | |
| Protein (Nx6,25) | 0,3 g/100 g | 0.3 | 2 | 2 | PROT625[g]=NT[g]*6.25teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Fett | 0,29 g/100 g | 0.29 | 3 | 3 | |
| Kohlenhydrate, verfügbar | 13,16 g/100 g | 13.16 | 1 | — | CHO[g] = SUGAR[g] + STARCH[g] + OLSAC[g] + POLYL[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Ballaststoffe, gesamt | 2,8 g/100 g | 2.8 | 4 | — | FIBT[g]=FIBHMW[g]+FIBLMW[g] OR
FIBT[g]=FIBINS[g]+FIBSOL[g]+FIBLMWteilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Alkohol (Ethanol) | 0,019 g/100 g | 0.019 | 5 | — | |
| Organische Säuren, gesamt | 0,31 g/100 g | 0.31 | 1 | — | OA[g]=MALAC[g]+ACEAC[g]+LACAC[g]+TARAC[g]+CITAC[g]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Rohasche | 0,295 g/100 g | 0.295 | 2 | 4 | |
| Vitamin A, Retinol-Äquivalent (RE) | 2 µg/100 g | 2 | 1 | — | VITA[µg]= RETOL[µg] + 1/6*CARTB[µg]+ 1/12*(CAROTPAXB[µg])teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Vitamin A, Retinol-Aktivitäts-Äquivalent (RAE) | 1 µg/100 g | 1 | 1 | — | VITAA[µg]= RETOL[µg] + 1/12*CARTB[µg]+ 1/24*(CAROTPAXB[µg])teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Retinol | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Beta‑Carotin | 10 µg/100 g | 10 | 2 | 5 | |
| Carotinoide, außer Beta-Carotin | 5 µg/100 g | 5 | 2 | 6 | |
| Vitamin D | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 1 | — | VITD[µg]=ERGCAL[µg]+CHOCAL[µg]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol) | 0,21 mg/100 g | 0.21 | 7 | 7 | VITE[mg] = TOCPHA[mg] |
| Alpha‑Tocopherol | 0,21 mg/100 g | 0.21 | 7 | 8 | |
| Beta-Tocopherol | 0,01 mg/100 g | 0.01 | 7 | 8 | |
| Gamma-Tocopherol | 0,08 mg/100 g | 0.08 | 7 | 8 | |
| Delta-Tocopherol | — mg/100 g | <LOD | 7 | 8 | |
| Alpha-Tocotrienol | 0,12 mg/100 g | 0.12 | 7 | 8 | |
| Vitamin K | 4,525 µg/100 g | 4.525 | 1 | — | VITK[µg] = VITK1[µg] + VITK2[µg]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Vitamin K1 (Phyllochinon) | 4,525 µg/100 g | 4.525 | 7 | 9 | |
| Vitamin K2 (Menachinone) | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) | 0,024 mg/100 g | 0.024 | 2 | 10 | |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | 0,04 mg/100 g | 0.04 | 7 | 11 | |
| Niacin-Äquivalent | 0,217 mg/100 g | 0.217 | 1 | — | NIAEQ[mg]=NIA[mg]+TRP[g]*1000/60immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Niacin | 0,2 mg/100 g | 0.2 | 7 | 12 | |
| Pantothensäure | 0,08 mg/100 g | 0.08 | 7 | 11 | |
| Vitamin B6 | 32,92 µg/100 g | 32.92 | 7 | 11 | |
| Biotin | 0,3 µg/100 g | 0.3 | 7 | 11 | |
| Folat-Äquivalent | 4 µg/100 g | 4 | 1 | — | FOL[µg] = FOLFD[µg] + 1.7*FOLAC[µg]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Folat | 4 µg/100 g | 4 | 2 | 13 | |
| Folsäure, synthetisch | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine) | 0 µg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Vitamin C | 4,6 mg/100 g | 4.6 | 3 | 3 | |
| Salz (Natriumchlorid) | 0,001945 g/100 g | 0.001945 | 1 | — | NACL[g] = NA[g]*2.5immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Natrium | 0,778 mg/100 g | 0.778 | 3 | 14 | |
| Chlorid | 2 mg/100 g | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
| Kalium | 124 mg/100 g | 124 | 2 | 15 | |
| Calcium | 8 mg/100 g | 8 | 2 | 16 | |
| Magnesium | 6 mg/100 g | 6 | 2 | 17 | |
| Phosphor | 11 mg/100 g | 11 | 3 | 3 | |
| Schwefel | — mg/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Eisen | 0,1 mg/100 g | 0.1 | 2 | 18 | |
| Zink | 0,11 mg/100 g | 0.11 | 2 | 19 | |
| Iodid | 1 µg/100 g | 1 | 2 | 20 | |
| Kupfer | 79 µg/100 g | 79 | 2 | 21 | |
| Mangan | 50 µg/100 g | 50 | 2 | 22 | |
| Fluorid | 10 µg/100 g | 10 | 3 | 3 | |
| Chrom | 2 µg/100 g | 2 | 2 | 23 | |
| Molybdän | 1 µg/100 g | 1 | 3 | 24 | |
| Essigsäure | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Zitronensäure | 0,14 g/100 g | 0.14 | 7 | 25 | |
| Milchsäure | 0 g/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Äpfelsäure | 0,17 g/100 g | 0.17 | 7 | 25 | |
| Weinsäure | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Zuckeralkohole, gesamt | 3,08 g/100 g | 3.08 | 1 | — | POLYL[g]=MANTL[g]+SORTL[g]+XYLTL[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Mannit | — g/100 g | <LOD | 7 | 26 | |
| Sorbit | 3,08 g/100 g | 3.08 | 2 | 27 | |
| Xylit | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Monosaccharide, gesamt | 8,63 g/100 g | 8.63 | 1 | — | MNSAC[g] = FRUS[g] + GALS[g] + GLUS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Glucose | 2,69 g/100 g | 2.69 | 2 | 28 | |
| Fructose | 5,93 g/100 g | 5.93 | 2 | 29 | |
| Galactose | 0,01175 g/100 g | 0.01175 | 7 | 30 | |
| Disaccharide, gesamt | 1,45 g/100 g | 1.45 | 1 | — | DISAC[g] = LACS[g] + MALS[g] + SUCS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Saccharose | 1,45 g/100 g | 1.45 | 2 | 31 | |
| Maltose | 0 g/100 g | 0 | 2 | 32 | |
| Lactose | — g/100 g | <LOD or <LOQ | 7 | 11 | |
| Zucker (Mono- und Disaccharide), gesamt | 10,08 g/100 g | 10.08 | 1 | — | SUGAR[g]=MNSAC[g]+DISAC[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Oligosaccharide, verfügbar | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Stärke (Stärke, Glykogen, Dextrine) | — g/100 g | <LOD or <LOQ | 3 | 33 | |
| Ballaststoffe, niedermolekular | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Ballaststoffe, hochmolekular | 2,8 g/100 g | 2.8 | 4 | — | FIBHMW[g]=FIBHMWS[g]+FIBHMWI[g] OR
FIBHMW[g]=FIBINS[g]+FIBSOL[g]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated |
| Ballaststoffe, wasserunlöslich | 2,2 g/100 g | 2.2 | 4 | — | |
| Ballaststoffe, wasserlöslich | 0,6 g/100 g | 0.6 | 4 | — | |
| Ballaststoffe, hochmolekular, wasserlöslich | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Ballaststoffe, hochmolekular, wasserunlöslich | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäuren, gesättigt, gesamt | 0,0388 g/100 g | 0.0388 | 1 | — | FASAT[g]=F4:0[g]+F6:0[g]+F8:0[g]+F10:0[g]+F12:0[g]+F14:0[g]+F15:0[g]+F16:0[g]+F17:0[g]+F18:0[g]+F20:0[g]+F22:0[g]+F24:0[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Fettsäure C4:0 (Buttersäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C6:0 (Capronsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C8:0 (Caprylsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C10:0 (Caprinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C12:0 (Laurinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C14:0 (Myristinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C15:0 (Pentadecylsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C16:0 (Palmitinsäure) | 0,0315 g/100 g | 0.0315 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C17:0 (Margarinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C18:0 (Stearinsäure) | 0,00725 g/100 g | 0.00725 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C20:0 (Arachinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C22:0 (Behensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C24:0 (Lignocerinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure, einfach ungesättigt, gesamt | 0,0646 g/100 g | 0.0646 | 1 | — | FAMS[g]=F14:1CN5[g]+F16:1CN7[g]+F18:1CN7[g]+F18:1CN9[g]+F20:1CN9[g]+F22:1CN9[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Fettsäure C14:1 n-5 cis (Myristoleinsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C16:1 n-7 cis (Palmitoleinsäure) | 0,00315 g/100 g | 0.00315 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C18:1 n-7 cis (Vaccensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C18:1 n-9 cis (Ölsäure) | 0,0615 g/100 g | 0.0615 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C20:1 n-9 cis (Gondosäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C22:1 n-9 cis (Erucasäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäuren, mehrfach ungesättigt, gesamt | 0,127 g/100 g | 0.127 | 1 | — | FAPU[g]=F18:2C9T11[g]+F18:2CN6[g]+F20:2CN6[g]+F18:3CN3[g]+F18:3CN6[g]+F20:3CN6[g]+F18:4CN3[g]+F20:4CN6[g]+F20:5CN3[g]+F22:5CN3[g]+F22:6CN3[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Fettsäuren, mehrfach ungesättigt n-3 (Omega-3), gesamt | 0,0186 g/100 g | 0.0186 | 1 | — | FAPUN3[g]=F18:3CN3[g]+F18:4CN3[g]+F20:5CN3[g]+F22:5CN3[g]+F22:6CN3[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Fettsäure C18:3 n-3 all-cis (Alpha-Linolensäure) | 0,0186 g/100 g | 0.0186 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C18:4 n-3 all-cis (Stearidonsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C20:5 n-3 all-cis (Eicosapentaensäure) | 0 g/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Fettsäure C22:5 n-3 all-cis (Docosapentaensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C22:6 n-3 all-cis (Docosahexaensäure) | 0 g/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Fettsäuren, mehrfach ungesättigt n-6 (Omega-6), gesamt | 0,108 g/100 g | 0.108 | 1 | — | FAPUN6[g]=F18:2CN6[g]+F18:3CN6[g]+F20:2CN6[g]+F20:3CN6[g]+F20:4CN6[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Fettsäure C18:2 n-6 cis, cis (Linolsäure) | 0,108 g/100 g | 0.108 | 3 | 3 | |
| Fettsäure C18:2 n-7 cis 9, trans 11 (konjugierte Linolsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C18:3 n-6 all-cis (Gamma-Linolensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C20:2 n-6 all-cis (Eicosadiensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C20:3 n-6 all-cis (Dihomogamma-Linolensäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäure C20:4 n-6 all-cis (Arachidonsäure) | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Fettsäuren, sonstige | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Cholesterin | 0 mg/100 g | 0 | 6 | — | |
| Aminosäuren, unentbehrlich, gesamt | 0,073 g/100 g | 0.073 | 1 | — | AAE9[g] = ILE[g] + LEU[g] + LYS[g] + MET[g] + PHE[g] + THR[g] + TRP[g] + VAL[g]+HIS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated |
| Alanin | 0,013 g/100 g | 0.013 | 8 | — | |
| Arginin | 0,007 g/100 g | 0.007 | 8 | — | |
| Asparaginsäure, inklusive Asparagin | 0,082 g/100 g | 0.082 | 8 | — | |
| Cystein | 0,001 g/100 g | 0.001 | 8 | — | |
| Glutaminsäure, inklusive Glutamin | 0,029 g/100 g | 0.029 | 8 | — | |
| Glycin | — g/100 g | - | — | — | |
| Histidin | 0,006 g/100 g | 0.006 | 8 | — | |
| Isoleucin | 0,007 g/100 g | 0.007 | 8 | — | |
| Leucin | 0,016 g/100 g | 0.016 | 8 | — | |
| Lysin | 0,014 g/100 g | 0.014 | 8 | — | |
| Methionin | 0,001 g/100 g | 0.001 | 8 | — | |
| Phenylalanin | 0,008 g/100 g | 0.008 | 8 | — | |
| Prolin | 0,007 g/100 g | 0.007 | 8 | — | |
| Serin | 0,012 g/100 g | 0.012 | 8 | — | |
| Threonin | 0,007 g/100 g | 0.007 | 8 | — | |
| Tryptophan | 0,001 g/100 g | 0.001 | 8 | — | |
| Tyrosin | 0,001 g/100 g | 0.001 | 8 | — | |
| Valin | 0,013 g/100 g | 0.013 | 8 | — | |
| Stickstoff, gesamt | 0,048 g/100 g | 0.048 | 2 | 2 |
Datenherkunft · Referenz
Datenherkunft
- Formelberechnung
- Aggregation
- Nährstoffdatenbank
- Analyse
- Übernommener Wert
- Logische Null
- Literatur
- Musterberechnung
Referenz
- Bertazza G, Cristoferi G, Bignami C; Fruit composition and quality of organically and conventionally grown apple, apricot and pear in the Veneto region (Northern Italy); Acta Horticulturae; 2010#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: I. Sodium, Phosphorus, and Potassium.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E:; Quantitation of provitamin-A and non-provitamin-A carotenoids in the fruits most commonly consumed in Spain; Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC); 1993
- Converted value from: Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Converted value from: Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Kirchhoff, E; Souci - Fachmann - Kraut - Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel - Nährwert-Tabellen; 2008; 7
- Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980
- Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E:; Quantitation of provitamin-A and non-provitamin-A carotenoids in the fruits most commonly consumed in Spain; Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC); 1993#Dias, M. G., et al.; Carotenoids in traditional Portuguese fruits and vegetables.; Food Chemistry; 2009; 113; 3#Heinonen MI, Ollilainen V, Linkola EK, Varo PT, Koivistoinen; Carotenoids in Finnish Foods: Vegetables, Fruits, and Berries; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1989; 37#Müller H; Determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables and fruit by HPLC and photodiode array detection; Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung; 1997; 204#Monge-Rojas, R., Campos, H.; Tocopherol and carotenoid content of foods commonly consumed in Costa Rica; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2011; 24
- Converted value from: Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E:; Quantitation of provitamin-A and non-provitamin-A carotenoids in the fruits most commonly consumed in Spain; Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC); 1993#Converted value from: Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Converted value from: Monge-Rojas, R., Campos, H.; Tocopherol and carotenoid content of foods commonly consumed in Costa Rica; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2011; 24#Converted value from: Dias, M. G., et al.; Carotenoids in traditional Portuguese fruits and vegetables.; Food Chemistry; 2009; 113; 3
- Converted value from: Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3
- Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3
- Dismore M.L., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E.,Peterson J.W., Booth S.L.); Vitamin K content of nuts and fruits in the US diet; Journal of the american dietetic association; 2003; 103; 12
- Converted value from: El-Aarab AE, Ali M, Hussein L; Vitamin B1 profile of the egyptian core foods and adequacy of intake; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2004; 17#Converted value from: Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Converted value from: Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Converted value from: Phillips KM, Rasor AS, Ruggio DM, Amanna KR; Folate content of different edible portions of vegetables and fruits; Nutrition and Food Science; 2008#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- National Food Institute, Food data (frida.fooddata.dk), version 5.2, May 2024
- Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: I. Sodium, Phosphorus, and Potassium.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: II. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013
- Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: II. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9
- Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2008; 2008#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: II. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9
- Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: II. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2005 ; 2005#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2008; 2008#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2002; 2002#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9
- Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: III. Copper, Manganese, Selenium, and Iodine; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995
- Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2005 ; 2005#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2008; 2008#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2002; 2002#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: III. Copper, Manganese, Selenium, and Iodine; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980
- Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2008; 2008#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1#Pennington, J. A. T., et al.; Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: III. Copper, Manganese, Selenium, and Iodine; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1995#Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980
- Koivistoinen P; Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and Ash; Almqvist & Wiksell; 1980#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2008; 2008
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; STANDARD TABLES OF FOOD COMPOSITION IN JAPAN; 2015
- Senser F., Scherz H.; Fleisch+ -prod., Fisch+ -prod., Gemüse+ -prod., Früchte+ -prod., Süßw., alkoholh; Brief vom 19.08.93 Deut. Forschungsanst. f. Lebensmittelchem; 1993; 0
- Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2
- Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2#Fourie, P. C. et al.; Sugar content of fresh apples and pears in South Africa; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1991; 39; 11
- Fourie, P. C. et al.; Sugar content of fresh apples and pears in South Africa; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1991; 39; 11#Bertazza G, Cristoferi G, Bignami C; Fruit composition and quality of organically and conventionally grown apple, apricot and pear in the Veneto region (Northern Italy); Acta Horticulturae; 2010#Li, B. W. and Andrews, K. W.; Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2002; 15#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2
- Li, B. W. and Andrews, K. W.; Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2002; 15#Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2#Bertazza G, Cristoferi G, Bignami C; Fruit composition and quality of organically and conventionally grown apple, apricot and pear in the Veneto region (Northern Italy); Acta Horticulturae; 2010#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Fourie, P. C. et al.; Sugar content of fresh apples and pears in South Africa; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1991; 39; 11
- Kim, H. O.,Hartnett, C.,Scaman, C. H.; Free galactose content in selected fresh fruits and vegetables and soy beverages; Journal of Agricultural and Food; 2007; 55
- Li, B. W. and Andrews, K. W.; Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2002; 15#Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Fourie, P. C. et al.; Sugar content of fresh apples and pears in South Africa; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1991; 39; 11#Bertazza G, Cristoferi G, Bignami C; Fruit composition and quality of organically and conventionally grown apple, apricot and pear in the Veneto region (Northern Italy); Acta Horticulturae; 2010
- Health, D. o; Nutrient analysis of fruit and vegetables; 2013#Li, B. W. and Andrews, K. W.; Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2002; 15
- McCance and Widdowson`s; The Composition of Foods, Seventh Summary Edition; 2015
Max Rubner-Institut (2025): Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS), Version 4.0. Karlsruhe.