BLS 4.0 · F514100

Kiwi fruit raw

All nutrient values refer to 100 g.

Energy (kilocalorie)
61 kcal
Energy (kilojoule)
256 kJ
Protein (Nx6.25)
0.9 g
Fat
0.5 g
Carbohydrate, available
10.1 g
Fibre, dietary, total
3.9 g
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Complete nutrient values

138 of 138 nutrients · per 100 g

All nutrient values refer to 100 g.
NutrientValueOriginal valueData sourceReferenceBLS calculation
Energy (kilojoule)256 kJ/100 g2561—ENERCJ[kJ] = 17*PROT625[g] + 17*(CHO[g] - POLYL[g]) + 37*FAT[g] + 29*ALC[g] + 13*OA[g] + 10*POLYL[g] + 8*OLSAC[g] + 8*FIBT[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Energy (kilocalorie)61 kcal/100 g611—ENERCC[kcal] = 4*PROT625[g] + 4*(CHO[g] - POLYL[g]) + 9*FAT[g] + 7*ALC[g] + 3*OA[g] + 2.4*POLYL[g] + 2*OLSAC[g] + 2*FIBT[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Water84.9 g/100 g84.921
Protein (Nx6.25)0.9 g/100 g0.932PROT625[g]=NT[g]*6.25teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Fat0.5 g/100 g0.523
Carbohydrate, available10.1 g/100 g10.11—CHO[g] = SUGAR[g] + STARCH[g] + OLSAC[g] + POLYL[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fibre, dietary, total3.9 g/100 g3.94—FIBT[g]=FIBHMW[g]+FIBLMW[g] OR FIBT[g]=FIBINS[g]+FIBSOL[g]+FIBLMWteilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Alcohol (Ethanol)— g/100 g-——
Organic acids, total1.495 g/100 g1.4951—OA[g]=MALAC[g]+ACEAC[g]+LACAC[g]+TARAC[g]+CITAC[g]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Ash0.6 g/100 g0.654
Vitamin A, retinol equivalents (RE)7 µg/100 g71—VITA[µg]= RETOL[µg] + 1/6*CARTB[µg]+ 1/12*(CAROTPAXB[µg])teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Vitamin A, retinol activity equivalents (RAE)3 µg/100 g31—VITAA[µg]= RETOL[µg] + 1/12*CARTB[µg]+ 1/24*(CAROTPAXB[µg])teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Retinol0 µg/100 g06—
Beta-carotene38 µg/100 g3825
Carotenoids, excluding beta-carotene2 µg/100 g256
Vitamin D0 µg/100 g01—VITD[µg]=ERGCAL[µg]+CHOCAL[µg]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)0 µg/100 g06—
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)0 µg/100 g06—
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)1.74 mg/100 g1.7427VITE[mg] = TOCPHA[mg]
Alpha-tocopherol1.74 mg/100 g1.7428
Beta-tocopherol0.002 mg/100 g0.00228
Gamma-tocopherol0.018 mg/100 g0.01829
Delta-tocopherol0.002 mg/100 g0.00229
Alpha-tocotrienol— mg/100 g<LOD510
Vitamin K33 µg/100 g331—VITK[µg] = VITK1[µg] + VITK2[µg]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)33 µg/100 g33211
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)0 µg/100 g06—
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)0.0075 mg/100 g0.007556
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)— mg/100 g<LOQ54
Niacin equivalents0.6 mg/100 g0.61—NIAEQ[mg]=NIA[mg]+TRP[g]*1000/60immer berechnet / always calculated
Niacin0.3 mg/100 g0.356
Pantothenic acid0.42 mg/100 g0.4254
Vitamin B670 µg/100 g7056
Biotin1.3 µg/100 g1.332
Folate equivalent35 µg/100 g351—FOL[µg] = FOLFD[µg] + 1.7*FOLAC[µg]immer berechnet / always calculated
Folate35 µg/100 g35212
Folic acid, synthetic0 µg/100 g06—
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)0 µg/100 g06—
Vitamin C71 mg/100 g7154
Salt (sodium chloride)0.008 g/100 g0.0081—NACL[g] = NA[g]*2.5immer berechnet / always calculated
Sodium3 mg/100 g3213
Chloride33 mg/100 g3354
Potassium280 mg/100 g280214
Calcium26 mg/100 g26215
Magnesium14 mg/100 g14216
Phosphorus33 mg/100 g3354
Sulphur— mg/100 g-——
Iron0.2 mg/100 g0.2217
Zinc0.09 mg/100 g0.09218
Iodide0.8 µg/100 g0.8219
Copper120 µg/100 g120220
Manganese60 µg/100 g60221
Fluoride— µg/100 g-——
Chromium4 µg/100 g4222
Molybdenum1 µg/100 g1523
Acetic acid— g/100 g-——
Citric acid0.995 g/100 g0.995324
Lactic acid0 g/100 g06—
Malic acid0.5 g/100 g0.5324
Tartaric acid— g/100 g-——
Polyols, total0 g/100 g01—POLYL[g]=MANTL[g]+SORTL[g]+XYLTL[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Mannitol— g/100 g<LOD525
Sorbitol— g/100 g<LOD525
Xylitol— g/100 g-——
Monosaccharides, total9.2 g/100 g9.21—MNSAC[g] = FRUS[g] + GALS[g] + GLUS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Glucose4.8 g/100 g4.8226
Fructose4.4 g/100 g4.4227
Galactose0.0268 g/100 g0.0268528
Disaccharides, total0.9 g/100 g0.91—DISAC[g] = LACS[g] + MALS[g] + SUCS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Sucrose0.67 g/100 g0.67229
Maltose0.2 g/100 g0.254
Lactose0 g/100 g056
Sugars (mono- and disaccharides), total10.1 g/100 g10.11—SUGAR[g]=MNSAC[g]+DISAC[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Oligosaccharides, available— g/100 g-——
Starch (starch, glycogen, dextrins)0 g/100 g0229
Fibre, low molecular weight— g/100 g-——
Fibre, high molecular weight3.9 g/100 g3.94—FIBHMW[g]=FIBHMWS[g]+FIBHMWI[g] OR FIBHMW[g]=FIBINS[g]+FIBSOL[g]teilweise berechnet / partially calculated
Fibre, water-insoluble2.4 g/100 g2.44—
Fibre, water-soluble1.5 g/100 g1.54—
Fibre, high molecular weight, water-soluble— g/100 g-——
Fibre, high molecular weight, water-insoluble— g/100 g-——
Fatty acids, saturated, total0 g/100 g01—FASAT[g]=F4:0[g]+F6:0[g]+F8:0[g]+F10:0[g]+F12:0[g]+F14:0[g]+F15:0[g]+F16:0[g]+F17:0[g]+F18:0[g]+F20:0[g]+F22:0[g]+F24:0[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fatty acid C4:0 (butyric acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C6:0 (caproic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C8:0 (caprylic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C10:0 (capric acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C12:0 (lauric acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C14:0 (myristic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C15:0 (pentadecylic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C16:0 (palmitic acid)0 g/100 g07—
Fatty acid C17:0 (margaric acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C18:0 (stearic acid)0 g/100 g07—
Fatty acid C20:0 (arachidic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C22:0 (behenic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C24:0 (lignoceric acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acids, monounsaturated, total0 g/100 g01—FAMS[g]=F14:1CN5[g]+F16:1CN7[g]+F18:1CN7[g]+F18:1CN9[g]+F20:1CN9[g]+F22:1CN9[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fatty acid C14:1 n-5 cis (myristoleic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C16:1 n-7 cis (palmitoleic acid)0 g/100 g07—
Fatty acid C18:1 n-7 cis (vaccenic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C18:1 n-9 cis (oleic acid)0 g/100 g07—
Fatty acid C20:1 n-9 cis (gondoic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C22:1 n-9 cis (erucic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acids, polyunsaturated, total0.3 g/100 g0.31—FAPU[g]=F18:2C9T11[g]+F18:2CN6[g]+F20:2CN6[g]+F18:3CN3[g]+F18:3CN6[g]+F20:3CN6[g]+F18:4CN3[g]+F20:4CN6[g]+F20:5CN3[g]+F22:5CN3[g]+F22:6CN3[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fatty acids, polyunsaturated, n-3 (omega-3), total0.1 g/100 g0.11—FAPUN3[g]=F18:3CN3[g]+F18:4CN3[g]+F20:5CN3[g]+F22:5CN3[g]+F22:6CN3[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fatty acid C18:3 n-3 all-cis (alpha-linolenic acid)0.1 g/100 g0.17—
Fatty acid C18:4 n-3 all-cis (stearidonic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C20:5 n-3 all-cis (eicosapentanoic acid)0 g/100 g06—
Fatty acid C22:5 n-3 all-cis (docosapentanoic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C22:6 n-3 all-cis (docosahexanoic acid)0 g/100 g06—
Fatty acids, polyunsaturated, n-6 (omega-6), total0.2 g/100 g0.21—FAPUN6[g]=F18:2CN6[g]+F18:3CN6[g]+F20:2CN6[g]+F20:3CN6[g]+F20:4CN6[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Fatty acid C18:2 n-6 cis,cis (linoleic acid)0.2 g/100 g0.27—
Fatty acid C18:2 conjugated, cis 9,trans 11 (conjugated linoleic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C18:3 n-6 all-cis (gamma-linolenic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C20:2 n-6 cis,cis (eicosadienoic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C20:3 n-6 all-cis (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acid C20:4 n-6 all-cis (arachidonic acid)— g/100 g-——
Fatty acids, others— g/100 g-——
Cholesterol0 mg/100 g06—
Amino acids, essential, total0.251 g/100 g0.2511—AAE9[g] = ILE[g] + LEU[g] + LYS[g] + MET[g] + PHE[g] + THR[g] + TRP[g] + VAL[g]+HIS[g]immer berechnet / always calculated
Alanine0.041 g/100 g0.04132
Arginine0.059 g/100 g0.05932
Aspartic acid, including asparagine0.098 g/100 g0.09832
Cysteine0.019 g/100 g0.01932
Glutamic acid, including glutamine0.146 g/100 g0.14632
Glycine0.045 g/100 g0.04532
Histidine0.008 g/100 g0.00832
Isoleucine0.021 g/100 g0.02132
Leucine0.051 g/100 g0.05132
Lysine0.047 g/100 g0.04732
Methionine0 g/100 g032
Phenylalanine0.026 g/100 g0.02632
Proline0.027 g/100 g0.02732
Serine0.038 g/100 g0.03832
Threonine0.039 g/100 g0.03932
Tryptophan0.015 g/100 g0.01532
Tyrosine0.026 g/100 g0.02632
Valine0.044 g/100 g0.04432
Nitrogen, total0.1 g/100 g0.156
Data source · Reference

Data source

  1. Formelberechnung
  2. Aggregation
  3. Nährstoffdatenbank
  4. Analyse
  5. Literatur
  6. Logische Null
  7. Musterberechnung

Reference

  1. Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37
  2. National Food Institute, Food data (frida.fooddata.dk), version 5.2, May 2024
  3. D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  4. Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  5. D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Heinonen MI, Ollilainen V, Linkola EK, Varo PT, Koivistoinen; Carotenoids in Finnish Foods: Vegetables, Fruits, and Berries; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1989; 37#Müller H; Determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables and fruit by HPLC and photodiode array detection; Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung; 1997; 204
  6. Converted value from: Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  7. Converted value from: Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3#Converted value from: Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  8. Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3
  9. Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  10. Chun, J., et al.; Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2006; 19; 2-3
  11. Koivu,T.J.; Piironen, V.I.; Henttonen, S.K.; Mattila; P.H.); Determination of Phylloquinone in Vegetables, Fruits, and Berries by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection; J. Agric. Food Chem.; 1997; 45; 12#Bolton-Smith C;Price RJG;Fenton ST;Harrington DJ;Shearer MJ; Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods; British Journal of Nutrition; 2000; 4#Dismore M.L., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E.,Peterson J.W., Booth S.L.); Vitamin K content of nuts and fruits in the US diet; Journal of the american dietetic association; 2003; 103; 12
  12. Converted value from: Yon M.,Hyun T.H.; Folate content of foods commonly consumed in Korea measured after trienzyme extraction; Nutrition Research; 2003; 23#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#Konings, E. J. M., et al.; Folate intake of the Dutch population according to newly established liquid chromatography data for foods; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 2001; 73
  13. Barea-Álvarez M, Delgado-Andrade C, Haro A, Olalla M, Seiquer I, Rufián-Henares JÁ; Subtropical fruits grown in Spain and elsewhere: A comparison of mineral profiles.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2016; 48#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  14. Barea-Álvarez M, Delgado-Andrade C, Haro A, Olalla M, Seiquer I, Rufián-Henares JÁ; Subtropical fruits grown in Spain and elsewhere: A comparison of mineral profiles.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2016; 48#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  15. Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#Barea-Álvarez M, Delgado-Andrade C, Haro A, Olalla M, Seiquer I, Rufián-Henares JÁ; Subtropical fruits grown in Spain and elsewhere: A comparison of mineral profiles.; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2016; 48#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37
  16. Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  17. Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9
  18. Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010#Miller-Ihli, NJ; Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 1996; 9#Habte, G., et al.; Determination of Essential and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruit by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.; Analytical Letters; 2017; 50; 6#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Terrés, C, Navarro, M, Martín-Lagos, F, Giménez, R, López, H, López, MC; Zinc levels in foods from southeastern Spain: relationship to daily dietary intake; Food Additives and Contaminants; 2001; 8; 18#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  19. Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; The New Zealand Food Composition Table, 10th Edition; 2013
  20. Habte, G., et al.; Determination of Essential and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruit by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.; Analytical Letters; 2017; 50; 6#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1
  21. Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010#Habte, G., et al.; Determination of Essential and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruit by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.; Analytical Letters; 2017; 50; 6#Ellen, G., et al.; HEAVY-METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED FRUITS.; Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung; 1990; 190; 1#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  22. Habte, G., et al.; Determination of Essential and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruit by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.; Analytical Letters; 2017; 50; 6#Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010
  23. Converted value from: BVL; Lebensmittel Monitoring 2010; 2010
  24. Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie; SFK Online Version; 2016
  25. Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2
  26. Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2#Converted value from: Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017#D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37
  27. D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Muir, J. G., et al.; Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2009; 57; 2#Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017
  28. Kim, H. O.,Hartnett, C.,Scaman, C. H.; Free galactose content in selected fresh fruits and vegetables and soy beverages; Journal of Agricultural and Food; 2007; 55
  29. D’Evoli, L.; Moscatello, S.; Lucarini, M.; Aguzzi, A.; Gabrielli, P.; Proietti, S.; Battistelli, A.; Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis; 2015; 37#Converted value from: Public Health England, Nutrient analysis of fruits and vegetables. 2017

Max Rubner-Institut (2025): Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS), Version 4.0. Karlsruhe.